Mesenteric panniculitis in a patient with new onset dermatomyositis.

Mesenteric panniculitis (MP), part of the spectrum of sclerosing mesenteritis, is an often asymptomatic disorder that is characterised by chronic inflammation of abdominal mesentery. We present a case of an 83-year-old woman who presented with proximal muscle weakness and erythematous, photosensitive rash of the face and upper torso and was subsequently diagnosed with dermatomyositis based on skin biopsy, electromyography and muscle biopsy. She had radiographic evidence of panniculitis on CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis for malignancy surveillance, which improved on serial CT scan 3 months after beginning treatment for her underlying dermatomyositis with prednisone and mycophenolate mofetil. Our case highlights that MP can be associated with underlying autoimmune disease. Connective tissue disease could be considered in the differential of MP when other etiologies such as surgery, trauma and malignancy are ruled out.

Tumour-bowel fistula as a possible complication of pazopanib therapy in retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma.

Pazopanib is a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (VEGFR TKI) that inhibits the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor A pathway and has the potential to cause ischaemic bowel changes, including perforation. Here we report a case of a 51-year-old man with large, metastatic, retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma that developed a tumour-bowel fistula after 4 weeks of pazopanib therapy. He presented to the emergency department with sepsis and 1-week history of worsening fever, chills, nausea and diarrhoea. Abdominal CT findings of mesenteric and portal vein gas, commonly found in mesenteric ischaemia and VEGFR modulator-induced bowel toxicity, provided evidence for the causal relation. Unfortunately, the case was not amenable to surgery and patient succumbed to the illness.

Methemoglobinemia: from diagnosis to treatment.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Methemoglobin is the oxidized form of hemoglobin, which does not bind oxygen and increases the affinity of oxygen for the partially oxidized portion of hemoglobin. Increased levels of methemoglobin in the blood are secondary to congenital changes and exposure to several chemical agents, resulting in a disorder with several differential diagnoses, which it can lead to death if it is not treated. The objective of this report was to review this subject, emphasizing relevant information for the clinical management of patients with methemoglobinemia. CONTENTS: When the concentration of methemoglobin in the blood is above 1.5%, the patient develops cyanosis, the main characteristic of this disorder. The color of the arterial blood changes to dark brown with normal PaO2. One should suspect the diagnosis in patients with cyanosis and low saturation (SpO2) without significant cardiopulmonary dysfunction. Co-oximetry is the gold standard and defines the diagnosis. Treatment should be based on whether the syndrome is acute or chronic (etiology) and on the severity of symptoms. Blood levels of methemoglobin are important, especially in acute cases. Basic treatment includes removal of the agent responsible for the disorder, administration of oxygen, and observation. Severe cases should be treated with the specific antidote, methylene blue, which is not effective in some situations. CONCLUSIONS: Methemoglobinemia is a potentially severe disorder, whose diagnosis depends on a high degree of suspicion. In general, anesthesiologists are the first to detect the problem in the preoperative period and should lead the treatment.

Metemoglobinemia: do diagnóstico ao tratamento / Metahemoglobinemia: del diagnóstico al tratamiento / Methemoglobinemia: from diagnosis to treatment

JUSTIFICATIVAS E OBJETIVOS: A metemoglobina é a forma oxidada da hemoglobina, que além de não se ligar ao oxigênio, aumenta a afinidade deste pela porção parcialmente oxidada da hemoglobina. A concentração aumentada da metemoglobina no sangue decorre de alterações congênitas e de exposição a agentes químicos diversos, resultando em quadro com múltiplos diagnósticos diferenciais, que se não tratado pode levar ao óbito. Foi feita revisão sobre o assunto, dando ênfase às informações relevantes para o manuseio clínico dos pacientes. CONTEÚDO: Quando a concentração sangüínea de metemoglobina está acima de 1,5 por cento surge a cianose, característica principal da doença. Os pacientes apresentam sangue arterial de coloração marrom-escuro com a PaO2 normal. O diagnóstico deve ser suspeitado em pacientes que apresentem cianose e baixa leitura de saturação ao oxímetro de pulso (SpO2), sem que haja comprometimento cardiopulmonar significativo. A co-oximetria é o método padrão-ouro e define o diagnóstico. No tratamento dos pacientes devem ser considerados o caráter agudo ou crônico da síndrome (etiologia) e a gravidade dos sintomas. A concentração sangüínea de metemoglobina é importante, sobretudo nos casos agudos. O tratamento básico consiste na remoção do agente causador, administração de oxigênio e observação. Casos graves devem ser tratados com azul-de-metileno, antídoto específico, porém ineficaz em algumas situações. CONCLUSÃO: A metemoglobinemia é condição potencialmente grave, cujo diagnóstico depende do alto grau de suspeição. Em geral, os anestesiologistas, no período perioperatório, são os primeiros a detectarem o problema e devem liderar a condução do tratamento.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Methemoglobin is the oxidized form of hemoglobin, which does not bind oxygen and increases the affinity of oxygen for the partially oxidized portion of hemoglobin. Increased levels of methemoglobin in the blood are secondary to congenital changes and exposure to several chemical agents, resulting in a disorder with several differential diagnoses, which it can lead to death if it is not treated. The objective of this report was to review this subject, emphasizing relevant information for the clinical management of patients with methemoglobinemia. CONTENTS: When the concentration of methemoglobin in the blood is above 1.5 percent, the patient develops cyanosis, the main characteristic of this disorder. The color of the arterial blood changes to dark brown with normal PaO2. One should suspect the diagnosis in patients with cyanosis and low saturation (SpO2) without significant cardiopulmonary dysfunction. Co-oximetry is the gold standard and defines the diagnosis. Treatment should be based on whether the syndrome is acute or chronic (etiology) and on the severity of symptoms. Blood levels of methemoglobin are important, especially in acute cases. Basic treatment includes removal of the agent responsible for the disorder, administration of oxygen, and observation. Severe cases should be treated with the specific antidote, methylene blue, which is not effective in some situations. CONCLUSIONS: Methemoglobinemia is a potentially severe disorder, whose diagnosis depends on a high degree of suspicion. In general, anesthesiologists are the first to detect the problem in the preoperative period and should lead the treatment.

JUSTIFICATIVAS Y OBJETIVOS: La metahemoglobina es la forma oxidada de la hemoglobina, que, además de no vincularse con el oxígeno, aumenta su afinidad por la porción parcialmente oxidada de la hemoglobina. La concentración aumentada de la metahemoglobina en la sangre, proviene de las alteraciones congénitas y de la exposición a agentes químicos diversos, trayendo como resultado, un cuadro con múltiples diagnósticos diferenciales, que si no se trata, puede conllevar al deceso. Se hizo una revisión sobre el asunto, dándole énfasis a las informaciones relevantes para el manejo clínico de los pacientes. CONTENIDO: Cuando la concentración sanguínea de metahemoglobina está por encima de 1,5 por ciento surge la cianosis, característica principal de la enfermedad. Los pacientes presentan sangre arterial de coloración marrón oscuro con la PaO2 normal. El diagnóstico debe suponerse en pacientes que presenten cianosis y una baja lectura de saturación al oxímetro de pulso (SpO2), sin que exista un comprometimiento cardiopulmonar significativo. La co-oximetría es el método estándar de oro y define el diagnóstico. En el tratamiento de los pacientes, deben ser considerados el carácter agudo o crónico del síndrome (etiología) y la gravedad de los síntomas. La concentración sanguínea de metahemoglobina es importante principalmente en los casos agudos. El tratamiento básico consiste en la retirada del agente causador, administración de oxígeno y observación. Casos graves deben ser tratados con azul de metileno, antídoto específico, sin embargo ineficaz en algunas situaciones. CONCLUSIÓN: La Metahemoglobinemia es una condición potencialmente grave, cuyo diagnóstico depende del alto grado de sospecha. En general, los anestesiólogos, en el período perioperatorio, son los primeiros que detectan el problema y deben liderar el tratamiento.